Cargo damage and loss affect 1-2% of international shipments. Knowing how to file a freight claim quickly and correctly can save you thousands of dollars. Here's the complete process.
1. Types of Freight Claims
| Type | Description | Common Causes |
|---|---|---|
| Damage Claim | Goods arrived damaged | Improper packing, rough handling, moisture |
| Loss Claim | Goods never arrived | Misrouting, theft, documentation errors |
| Shortage Claim | Partial delivery | Pilferage, loading errors, counting mistakes |
| Delay Claim | Late delivery | Customs hold, port congestion, carrier issues |
| Concealed Damage | Damage found after delivery | Internal shifting, temperature changes |
2. Step-by-Step Filing Process
- Inspect immediately upon delivery — Note any visible damage on the delivery receipt before signing
- Document everything — Take photos of damaged goods, packaging, and container condition
- Write a formal claim letter — Include shipment details, description of damage, and claimed amount
- Submit within deadline — Most carriers require claims within 9 months (international), 60 days for concealed damage
- Provide supporting documents — Bill of lading, commercial invoice, packing list, photos, survey report
- Follow up regularly — Claims typically take 30-120 days to process
3. Required Documentation Checklist
| Document | Purpose | Priority |
|---|---|---|
| Original Bill of Lading | Proof of contract | Required |
| Commercial Invoice | Value proof | Required |
| Packing List | Detailed contents | Required |
| Damage Photos | Visual evidence | Required |
| Survey Report | Professional assessment | For claims >$5,000 |
| Insurance Certificate | Coverage proof | If insured |
| Correspondence | Communication record | Supporting |
4. Compensation Limits
| Convention/Rule | Limit | Applies To |
|---|---|---|
| Hague-Visby Rules | SDR 666.67/package or SDR 2/kg | Sea freight (most countries) |
| CMR Convention | SDR 8.33/kg | Road freight (Europe/Russia) |
| Montreal Convention | SDR 22/kg | Air freight |
| Railway (SMGS) | Declared value or market value | China-Russia rail |
SDR (Special Drawing Rights) ≈ $1.35 USD per unit as of 2026.
5. How to Maximize Your Claim
- Buy cargo insurance — Carrier liability is limited; insurance covers full value. Cost: 0.3-0.5% of cargo value
- Use proper packaging — Claims can be denied if damage resulted from insufficient packing
- Hire a surveyor for large claims — Professional reports carry more weight with carriers
- Keep original packaging — Don't discard damaged boxes until the claim is settled
- File promptly — Late filings are rejected automatically
Read our full cargo insurance guide or get a quote with insurance included.
FAQ: Common Questions
How long do I have to file a freight claim?
International maritime claims typically have a 9-month deadline from delivery date. Concealed damage claims often require notification within 3-7 days of delivery. Air freight follows Montreal Convention (2 years). Always check your specific contract terms.
What compensation can I expect for damaged cargo?
Carrier liability is limited by international conventions: approximately SDR 666.67 per package or SDR 2 per kg for sea freight (about $1.35/kg). Full compensation requires cargo insurance, which costs only 0.3-0.5% of cargo value.
Can I claim for concealed damage found after delivery?
Yes, but you must notify the carrier immediately upon discovery, typically within 3-7 days. Take photos immediately and request a joint inspection. The burden of proof is higher than visible damage claims.
Does cargo insurance cover all types of damage?
Standard cargo insurance covers most physical damage and loss. Common exclusions include: inherent vice (natural deterioration), insufficient packing by shipper, war/strikes (requires separate coverage), and delays unless specifically added.